Ukwezi kwuzuye gufite byinshi gusobanuye

Umunsi wo kuwa mbere itariki ya 13 z’ukwa mbere niwo munsi wa mbere muri uyu mwaka wa 2025 ukwezi kwagaragaye kuzuye. Kwahawe izina ry”ukwezi kw’ikirura’.

Kwabaye intangiriro ya Kumbh Mela mu Buhinde – umunsi mukuru n’iminsi 45 y’urugendo rw’idini ry’Abahindu mu mujyi wa Prayagraj biteganijwe ko abantu miliyoni 400 bazitabira.

Ukwezi kuzuye kugaragara hafi buri minsi 29, igihe izuba rimurikira ukwezi ribinyujije inyuma y’isi, maze uruhande rureba isi rukaboneka rwose.

Byagize uruhare runini mu mico n’imigenzo myinshi hirya no hino ku isi. Reka turebere hamwe bimwe mu bintu bamwe bemera bitari ukuri, ibikorwa n’ibisobanuro bifitanye isano n’uyu mubumbe.

Ukwezi kuzuye kwamariraga iki abasogokuruza bacu?

Imihindukire y’isura y’ukwezi – igihe rimwe kuboneka kose ubundi kukaboneka igice – byakoreshejwe cyane mu bihe bya kera cyane mu kumenya igihe. Dufate nk’urugero rw’ikitwa Ishango Bone (igufa rya Ishango) – cyabonetse mu 1957 mu kitwa ubungubu Repubulika ya demokarasi ya Congo.

Iri gufa, rishobora kuba ryaravuye ku kaguru k’inguge rihabwa imyaka irenga 20 000, bivugwa ko aricyo kintu kiruta ibindi mu myaka cyakoreshagwa mu kumenya uko ibihe bisimburana (cyangwa kalendari).

Iri gufa ryacukuwe n’umuhanga mu biri mu nda y’isi, rifite ibimenyetso byihariye – bimwe muri byo bifite isura ry’inziga ziboneka cyane, izindi zijimye cyangwa zituzuye.

Alexander Marshack, umuhanga mu mateka ashingiye kubicukurwa mu butaka byerekana ubuzima bwa kera (Paleolithic archeologist), avuga ko ibi bishobora kuba byarerekanaga amasura anyuranye y’ukwezi. Akavuga ko iri gufa rishobora kuba ryarakoreshwaga nka kalendari y’amezi atandatu ishingiye ku isura y’ukwezi.

Ukwezi k’umusaruro (Harvest moon) ni izina ryahabwaga ukwezi kuboneka kose mu mpera z’ukwa cyenda cyangwa ukwa cumi.

Iki gihe, ukwezi kuboneka kare cyane izuba rikimara kurenga, bisobanuye ko abahinzi bihutaga mu gusarura imyaka byabahaga akanya ko gukomeza gusarura kugeza mu mugoroba bamurikiwe n’urumuri rw’ukwezi. Mu bihe bya none, benshi bakoresha amatara akoresha amashanyarazi.

Ni iyihe minsi mikuru yizihizwa mu gihe cy’ukwezi kuzuye?

Mu Bushinwa, umunsi mukuru uba ahagana mu kwezi kwa cumi with Zhongqui Jie (uzwi kandi ku izina ry’umunsi mukuru w’ukwezi), uba ku munsi w’ukwezi k’umusaruro kandi ni umunsi w’ikiruhuko. Uyu munsi mukuru watangiye hashize imyaka 3000 kandi wakorwaga kera mu kwitegura umusaruro mwinshi.

Nkuko nyine, muri Korea, umunsi mukuru wa Chuseok wizihizwa mu gihe cy’iminsi itatu kugirango uhurirane n’ukwezi k’umusaruro. Imiryango ihurira hamwe kugirango yishimire umusaruro kandi yubahe abasekuruza.

Mu muco w’abahindu, iminsi y’ukwezi kuzuye yitwa Purnima yizihizwa hakorwa amasengesho no kwiyicisha inzara. Umunsi mukuru wa Kartik Purnima uba mu kwezi kwa cumi na rimwe – ukwezi gutagatifu muri kalendari y’abahindu – kandi baba bibuka intsinzi y’imana Shiva kuri shitani Tripurasura n’imana Vishnu yihindura umuntu mu isura ya Matsya. Imihango ijyanye n’uwo munsi mukuru irimo kwoga mu migezi no gucana amatara akozwe mu gitaka.

Kumbh Mela, umunsi mukuru utangira igihe ukwezi kuzuye, uba rimwe buri myaka cumi n’ibiri.

Abo mu idini ry’ababudisite (Buddhists) bemeza ko Budda yavutse hari ukwezi kuzuye hashize imyaka 2500. Bizera kandi ko yamurikiwe n’imana kandi apfa hari ukwezi kuzuye. Iminsi mikuru yo ya Buddha Purnima ifitanye isano nawe, ubusanzwe iba ku munsi w’ukwezi kuzuye mu kwezi kwa kane cyangwa ukwa gatanu.

Muri Sri Lanka, buri munsi w’ukwezi kuzuye aba ari umunsi w’ikiruhuko, witwa Poya aho gucuruza inzoga zisindisha n’inyama bibujijwe. I Bali, ukwezi kuzuye kwizihizwa mu kitwa Purnama igihe bitekerezwa ko imana ziba zirimo zimanuka ku isi zije guha abantu imigisha yazo. Ni igihe cy’amasengesho, amaturo y’imana no gutera ibiti bitanga imbuto mu busitani.

Abayisilamu basabwa kwiyicisha inzara mu gihe cy’iminsi itatu mu minsi ukwezi kuzuye kubonekeye. Iyi minsi izwi nk’iminsi y’umweru cyangwa Al-Ayyam al-Bid. Umuhanuzi Muhammad bivugwa ko yiyicishe inzara mu minsi nk’iyo kugirango ashimire Allah gutanga urumuri mu gihe cy’amajoro y’umwijima.

Mu bakirisitu, Pasika yizihizwa ku cyumweru cya mbere nyuma y’ukwezi kuzuye gukurikira umunsi wo mu kwezi kwa gatatu aho ijoro riba ringana n’umunsi.

Muri Mexique no mu bihugu bimwe byo muri Amerika y’amajyepfo, batangiye kongera kubyinira ukwezi nkuko byakorwaga n’abasangabutaka bo muri Amerika kera aho abagore bateranira hamwe igihe habonetse ukwezi kuzuye kugirango babyine kandi basenge mu gihe cy’iminsi itatu y’umunsi mukuru.

Ni iyihe migani n’imyemerere itarimo ukuri bijyanye n’ukwezi kuzuye?

Kuva cyera cyane, mu Burayi, benshi batekerezaga ko ukwezi kuzuye gutera abantu bamwe ibisazi, ari naho havuye ijambo ryo mu cyongereza ‘lunacy’ ryavuye mu kiratini ‘luna’ bivuze ukwezi.

Igitekerezo cyuko ukwezi kuzuye gutera bamwe ibisazi cyatumye bamwe bemeza ko hari abantu bahindura isura bitabaturutseho maze bagahinduka ibirura kugirango batere ubwoba abantu aho batuye mu gihe habonetse ukwezi kuzuye.

Mu kinyejana cya kane mbere ya Yezu, umunyamateka w’umugereki, Herodotus yanditse avuga ko hari ubwoko bw’abantu bo muri Scythia (mu Burusiya bw’ubu) bitwaga Neuri bihinduragamo ibirura inshuro nyinshi buri mwaka.

Mu Burayi, hari abantu bamwe bagerageje kwihindura ibirura hagati y’ikinyajana cya 15 na 17. Imwe mu nkuru zizwi cyane n’iy’umugabo wari ufite isambu mu Budage witwaga Peter Stubbe (cyangwa Stumpp) mu 1589. Abahigi baho yari atuye bavuze ko bamubonye yihindura umuntu ava mu isura y’ikirura.

Amaze gukorerwa iyicwarubozo, Peter yiyemereye ko yari afite umukandara udasanzwe watumaga yihundura ikirura kugirango abashe guhiga no kurya abantu.

Ni izihe ngaruka z’ukwezi kuzuye ku buzima bwa buri munsi?

Bamwe bemeza ko ukwezi kuzuye guhungabanya ibitotsi.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko mu gihe cy’ukwezi kuzuye cyangwa hafi yacyo, abantu batinda gusinzira, bakamara umwanya muto basinziriye cyane, bakaba basinzira igihe gito, kandi bakagira melatonine nkeya mu mubiri wabo – imisemburo ifasha gusinzira.

Abantu bakoreweho ubwo bushakashatsi bavuga ko bagize ibitotsi bidahagije nubwo bagiye kuryama mu byumba bifunze, aho batashoboraga kuba maso kubera urumuri rw’ukwezi kuzuye.

Abahinzi bafite ubusitani batera imbuto n’ingemwe mu gihe cy’ukwezi kuzuye (nkuko abatuye i Bali babikora mu gihe cya Purnama) bizera ko ukwezi kuzatuma ubutaka bumera neza.

Iyo hari ukwezi kuzuye, imbaraga rukuruzi z’ukwezi zikurura ku ruhande rumwe rw’isi mu gihe imbaraga rukuruzi z’izuba zikurura ku rundi. Usibye no gutuma amazi y’inyanja azamuka cyane, ibi biranatekerezwa ko bituma ububobere bw’isi bwiyongera.

Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwabereye i Bradford, mu Bwongereza, mu 2000 bubivuga, inyamaswa zikunze kuruma cyane mu gihe cy’ukwezi kuzuye.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko hagati ya 1997 na 1999, umubare w’abarwayi bageze mu bitaro bafite ibikomere byo kurumwa n’inyamaswa wiyongereye cyane mu minsi yo mu gihe cya hafi cy’ukwezi kuzuye.

Ntibitangaje ariko ko nta numwe warumwe n’umuntu wihinduye ikirura.